A pepa Ua hōʻoia hou mai ke Kulanui ʻo Massey ma New Zealand ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe pilina ma waena o ka hana ʻino a me nā pāʻani wikiō; aia ma lalo a "hopena liʻiliʻi."
ke Kahu Ua hōʻike ʻia ua loiloi hou ka pepa hou i 28 mau haʻawina ʻē aʻe mai ka makahiki 2008 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka loulou i manaʻo ʻia ma waena o ke ʻano hakakā a me nā pāʻani wikiō. Ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia haʻawina e Aaron Drummond, James D. Sauer a me Christopher J. Ferguson me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meta-analysis.
Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hōʻike (ma ka ʻōlelo a The Guardian) "Ua hōʻike i kahi pilina koʻikoʻi akā liʻiliʻi ma waena o ka pāʻani a me ka huhū, ma lalo o ka paepae i koi ʻia e helu ʻia he 'hopena liʻiliʻi'."
He mea liʻiliʻi loa ka pilina ma waena o nā pāʻani wikiō "ʻAʻole hiki i ka noiʻi o kēia manawa ke kākoʻo i ke kuhiakau e loaʻa i nā pāʻani wikiō ʻino ka hopena wānana lōʻihi i ka huhū ʻōpio"- e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka hōʻike.
Ma waena o nā pepa, hoʻokahi haʻawina mai ka makahiki 2011 i loaʻa i kahi pilina maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa holoʻokoʻa e hiki ai i ka huhū ke kūkulu i kahi manawa lōʻihi mai ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō ʻaʻole i hōʻole wale ʻia; akā, ua emi maoli ka manawa i ka wā e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani wikiō.
Hoʻopau ʻo Drummond, Sauer, a me Ferguson i kā lākou pepa e ʻōlelo ana ua koi lākou i nā ʻoihana e like me nā psychologists e hoʻopuka i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mālamalama.
"Ke kāhea nei mākou i nā haumāna ʻelua a me nā guild ʻoihana e like me ka American Psychological Association e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e pili ana i ka pilina liʻiliʻi loa i ʻike ʻia i nā haʻawina longitudinal ma waena o nā pāʻani kolohe a me ka huhū ʻōpio."
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma Malaki 2019, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Oxford University i kahi "hope loa"haʻawina, haʻi"ʻaʻohe loulou” ma waena o nā pāʻani wikiō hoʻomāinoino, a me nā ʻano hana ʻino i nā ʻōpio. Kūlike ka hōʻike me nā ʻike o kekahi mau haʻawina ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia ma mua o [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
ʻOiai naʻe, paʻa mau kekahi i ka manaʻo kuhihewa ʻo nā pāʻani wikiō ke kumu o ka hana ʻino i ka poʻe noʻonoʻo a noʻonoʻo. Hoʻopili kēia i ka Hope Pelekikena mua o ʻAmelika a me ka koho Pelekikena Democrat Joe Biden. I loko o kahi ninaninau ua kāhea ʻo ia i nā alakaʻi o Silicon Valley "nā kolo liʻiliʻi," nāna i hana i nā pāʻani wikiō "e ao aku ia oe i ka pepehi kanaka. "
Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia nei nā pāʻani no ka hana ʻana i nā hana ʻino ʻē aʻe e kekahi; me ka manaʻo nui, misogyny, sexism, extremism, addiction (a i ʻole i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka pilikia pili pāʻani"), a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Kiʻi kiʻi: Ke Kaua mau loa (Via mahu).
