KUDZOKORORA

Ed Boon Pane Yake AIAS Imba YeMukurumbira Induction uye Basa MuVhidhiyo Mitambo uye Pinball

edboon1-6845620

Platform:
PlayStation 4, Xbox Imwe, Chinja, Stadia, PC

Publisher:
Warner Bros. Inopindirana

Mukugadziri:
Nether Realm Studios

Release:

Rating:
Mature

Ed Boon anozivikanwa zvakanyanya nebasa rake paMortal Kombat akatevedzana, izvo zvaave neruoko mukutungamira kubva 1992, kutanga kuMidway Games uye zvino nechikwata chake kuNetherRealm Studios. Ndiye mumwe wevasiki vane mukurumbira mumitambo, uye nhasi acharemekedzwa nekupinzwa muAcademy yeInteractive Arts & Sciences' Hall of Fame.
Boon anojoinha zvinofarirwa nedzimwe ngano dzemutambo wemavhidhiyo saShigeru Miyamoto, Mark Cerny, Bonnie Ross, Gabe Newell, uye mugamuchiri wegore rapfuura, Connie Booth. Fellow Hall of Famer Todd Howard achapa mubairo, uchave chikamu chegore rino DICE Awards show, kutanga na7 pm CT pa. IGN uye akasiyana-siyana ekutepfenyura network.

Ndakave nemukana wekutaura nengano yemutambo wekurwa kweawa masvondo mashoma apfuura, mazuva mashoma mushure mekunge aziva kuti aipinzwa muImba yeMukurumbira. Akanga achiri kugadzirisa pfungwa dzake, achizviisa mukati, uye achifunga nezvebasa rake rakareba.

Ndifambise nezuva rawakawana nezve Horo yeMukurumbira induction. Ndinofungidzira kuti yaive nguva isina kujairika.
Ndakagamuchira email kubva kuMeggan [Scavio] kubva kuAcademy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Ndaifanira kuiverenga, senge, katatu kuti inyore. Zvakagadzikana kwemazuva. Nezuva rimwe nerimwe rinopfuura, ndiri kukoshesa zvikuru kupfuura zuva rakapfuura. Kukudzwa kukuru chaiko.

Iwe uri mutsigiri wemitambo, uye wakatanga basa rako remutambo wevhidhiyo nekugadzira Yepamusoro Impact Nhabvu. Mumitambo, kugadzira Imba yeMukurumbira zvinoreva kuti basa rako rapera. Izvi hazvisizvo nemubairo uyu, asi ndiri kufungidzira kuti ichiri piritsi rakaomarara kumedza sezvo richimiririra nguva yakakura kudaro kuita chinhu chimwe chete.
Ndinofara kuti wanga usiri mubairo wehupenyu hwese. [kuseka] Zvakadaro, pave nemakore makumi matatu. Pandinofunga nezvazvo, nhamba dzese idzi dzinotanga kupinda mumusoro mangu. Ndakanga ndiri mumakore angu makumi maviri pandakaita yekutanga Mortal Kombat. Ndine makore akawanda muhupenyu hwangu neMortal Kombat kupfuura pasina. Panyaya yemakumi emakore angu - makumi maviri, makumi matatu, uye makumi mana - inodyiwa mazhinji acho. Ndakaita rombo rakanaka rekupfuura nemumitambo yepinball, mitambo yeArcade, bhizinesi remutambo wevhidhiyo wepamba, uye ikozvino neinternet, imhando yekuve yayo yega yemitambo.

Ndanga ndiine pfungwa dzakawanda dzekusaziva uye dzekudzoka shure pamusoro pemapoka ese evanhu vandakashanda navo. Ndine zvitsauko zvakasiyana muhupenyu hwangu zvemapoka evanhu vandakashanda navo. Zviripachena, hombe yaive Midway mazuva. Zvinhu zvaingoputika kare kare neMortal Kombat, NBA Jam, NARC, nemitambo yese iyi. Ndakanga ndiri pakati peavo vese, kubva kumaarcades kusvika kumaconsoles, ndikaona kukura kwakaita indasitiri yemitambo yemavhidhiyo. Kwandiri, yave ingori rwendo rukuru pasi pekurangarira uye rwendo rusingafadzi.

Wakaunza Midway days. Pane imwe nguva kubva pamazuva iwayo inogara ichipenya mupfungwa paunoongorora zvakapfuura?
Handifungi kuti kune imwe. Zvechokwadi kune zvitsauko zvakakura. Iwo makore mashoma kuMidway uko zvese zvaive zvichitsva, uye makore ekupedzisira e12 neWarner Bros. Iwe hauzivi kuti uri mairi iwe uri mairi. Makore mashoma anofanirwa kupfuura uye wobva watarisa kumashure woenda, "Zvanga zvakanaka chaizvo." Patakaburitsa mutambo wekutanga weMortal Kombat muna 2011 naWarner Bros., yaive nguva inonetsa kwandiri. Asi ndichitarisa kumashure, yaive nguva yakanaka zvakare - kunyanya kuenda kumitambo yeKusaruramisira uye kuchinjana pakati peavo vane Mortal Kombat.

Paivawo nenguva nepinball nemitambo yemavhidhiyo yekutanga kwandaishanda naEugene Jarvis naLarry DeMar. Kushanda navo uye nekutarisa kumashure izvozvi - marovero avakaita hunhu hwebasa ravo uye nzira yekutaura nayo zvinhu - izvo zvakandinamatira chaizvo. Zvakare, ndiri kuwedzera kubvuma zvinhu izvi sezvandinotarira shure.

Nditore nzira yese kudzokera pakutanga, pawakafunga kuti waizoshanda mumitambo. Ndedzipi dzimwe sarudzo dzaive patafura panguva yemabasa? Ndeapi madirections awanga wakazendamira kana basa reMidway risingashande?
Handina kumbobvira ndasarudza basa remitambo yemavhidhiyo. Ndakaita imwe resume muhupenyu hwangu hwese pandaiva nemakore 21. Paive neAsterix pazasi yaiti "kufarira mitambo yemavhidhiyo." Zvaiva zvemunhu oga. Mumwe muvhimi mukuru akazviona achibva atumira kuWilliams Electronics. Vakandidaidza kuti ndiite interview. Ndakapinda mairi ndichifunga kuti ndeyemutambo wevhidhiyo, asi yaive yepinball. Ini ndinorangarira ndichiti, "Vanhu vanoronga pinball machines?" Ini ndinofunga chikamu changu chaive chichiri kufunga kuti zvaive izvo zvinhu zvemagetsi, kunyangwe ndakanga ndaona mitambo ichangoburwa. Vakati, “Ehe, hongu,” ndokundiratidza mitambo mitsva. Ndakanakidzwa nebasa. Iniwo ndaiziva kuti vaive votanga nhanho dzekutanga dzemutambo mutsva wevhidhiyo. Ndipo pavakatanga kushanda pamitambo yakaita seNarc.

Ndakava shamwari nevanhu vemutambo wevhidhiyo pasi uye ndakashanda makore matatu ndichiita pinball. Ndakazvida uye ndakava nenguva yakanaka, asi ndakaramba ndichiona Eugene nechikwata chichishanda paNarc uye ndakabata saizvozvo nekufamba kwenguva. Ndakazopinda mubazi iroro ndokutanga kushanda paHigh Impact Football.

edboon-3703404

Ndanzwa wakweretesa izwi rako kumuchina wepinibhori.
Ndiri izwi mumichina yepinibhori ingangoita makumi maviri [kuseka].

Ndipei hombe yaizozivikanwa nevanhu.
Iyo ingangove yaive FunHouse. Yaiva nechipopi chaitaura. Pane firimu rainzi chishamiso yakanga ine chidhori chakashata mairi. Chidhori ichocho chakaita kuti muridzi wacho aite zvakaipa. FunHouse ndeye yakasununguka yakavakirwa pane izvozvo. Pane chidhori ichi chiri kunyomba mutambi. Ndini inzwi rechipopi iroro.

Taura neni nezve shanduko kubva kupinball kuenda kumitambo yemavhidhiyo.
Ndinofungidzira kuti ndakacheka mazino angu pachirongwa chemutambo mumazuva epinball. Ini ndinofunga ndaive nekunzwisisa kuri nani nezvazvo - chinodiwa mudhipatimendi remutambo wevhidhiyo. Ndaida bhora repini, asi ndaigara ndichiziva kuti pakupedzisira ndaida kuita mitambo yemavhidhiyo. Sezvandakataura, ndakaita hushamwari naEugene nevamwe vevakomana vaiita mitambo pasi. Ndaigara pasi ipapo ndichitarisa kuti ndione zvavaiita, ndichibvunza mibvunzo, uye ndichivaona vachitepa vhidhiyo vanhu chaivo vaive vakaiswa digitaalinen. Kwaitonhorera chaiko. Zvose izvi zvainakidza. Sezvineiwo, nekufamba kwenguva, pandakanga ndichironga mutambo wangu wekupedzisira wepinibhori, ndaiva nevhidhiyo arcade muhofisi yangu yandaizoronga mumaawa angu ekuzorora nekuti ndaifarira kubatana navo.

Ndinorangarira vakandipa pakiti yedhora remifananidzo yaizodonha muNarc uye ini ndanga ndichiita kuputika pahwindo. Kungoita kuti zvinhu zvifambe pa-screen zvinopinda muropa. Hapana chaungafunga nezvacho chausingagoni kuita. Zvakafanana necanvas yemupendi. Zvaunogona kuedza hazvina muganhu.

Wati urikunzwa nostalgic. Pane pfungwa dzekuita mutambo mutsva wepinball?
Ndine shamwari dzichiri kugadzira pinball machine. Ndakamira programming makore gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri apfuura. Hapana nzira yandaizokwanisa kufambirana navo. Kuti ndikupei pfungwa yenguva, ndakaita mitambo yangu yese muAssembly. Iyo yandiri kutarisira kuti ichaitika rimwe zuva - uye yave pedyo nguva shoma - muchina wepinibhori weMortal Kombat. Ndinofunga kuti zvingave zvakanaka chaizvo. Ndinoda kuva nemumwe weavo muimba yangu yepasi.

Iwe unoziva, Ed Fries [aimbova mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wekutsikisa mutambo kuMicrosoft] akaenda akagadzira Halo mutambo paAtari 2600. Akazviita nenzira yechikoro chekare. Unogona kuita zvimwe chetezvo kumuchina wePinball weMortal Kombat! Ndanga ndichitaura naMat Booty [mukuru weMicrosoft Studios] rimwe zuva uye aindiudza nezveboka iri richiri kugadzira mitambo yeAtari 2600. Akanga achindiudza zvose pamusoro pavo uye akanditumira marinki nezvose. Zvakawanda sezvazvakaita kugadzira mitambo yemavhidhiyo izvozvi, painenge iri timu yevaviri-vatatu-vanhu, shanduko yepfungwa pa-skrini inogona kunge ipfupi semaawa maviri. Ikozvino yava mwedzi. Maoko-pachiitiko uye kushanda nepedyo, timu diki, hapana chakafanana nemazuva akakosha chaizvo.

mortal_kombat_1-3804502

Iwe wakataura nezve kuzvarwa kwaMortal Kombat ad nauseam. Uchitarira shure pazviri zvino, pane chinhu chipi nechipi chakasiana chinouya kwauri chakanga chakavanzwa, kana kuti ichiri nhau imwe cheteyo here?
Kurangarira kwangu kukuru nezvakawanda zvemitambo iyoyo, nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero, kuseka kwakawanda. Iwe unowana yakasimba-yakabatana boka revagadziri uye zvakanyanya kupfuura kugadzira mutambo. Muri shamwari dzakanaka uye munopedza nguva yakawanda muri pamwe chete. Takashanda maawa anopenga uye zvese izvo. Ndinongova nendangariro dzakanaka uye kuseka kwakawanda.

Isu munguva pfupi yapfuura takaona a Video nezvekuuya kwako neScorpion ane mukurumbira "Svika pano!" line. Iri raive zano ipapo, uye chave chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha mumitambo yese. Ndifambise nenzira yekugadzira saizvozvo neboka diki revagadziri.
Ndakanga ndine hukama hukuru hwekubatana na [Mortal Kombat co-musiki] John Tobias pamutambo wekutanga weMortal Kombat. Ndiwo waive mutambo wangu wekutanga munzvimbo yehutungamiriri uye zvakafanana kuna John. Pakupera kwezuva, ndizvo zvataida kuita. Takakwanisa kushandisa dzinenge pfungwa dzese pakati pedu tiri vaviri. Aizoita magraphics uye ini ndaiaisa mumutambo uye ndomupa kunzwa. Isu takagadzira mafambiro ebasa ega.

Chimwe chinhu chinouya mupfungwa, iwe unozvitaura zvinonzwika, famba kuburikidza nazvo, uye uise mumutambo. Mune iyo inofamba yekutora pfuti, isu tine yedu rondedzero yepfuti, asi chaive chimwe chezvinhu izvo zvaunenge wakamirira uchitenderedza uye zano rinouya mumusoro mako. Ndakabva ndatanga kutaura hangu. Ndakaita senge, "Ehe, tinogona kuita izvi," uye, "Ehe, tinogona kuzviita," uye yakashanduka kuita ingangoita inoshamisira kufamba mumitambo yese yeMortal Kombat. Ipfumo riya uye kunzwa kuti “Svika kuno!” Uye zvinoshamisa kunzwa izwi rangu richitaura mutsara iwoyo. Ndiyo nhanho iyoyo yekuzvimiririra uye yaive yakanaka yekusika nharaunda.

Iwe waive Nolan North Nolan North isati yave mumitambo. Izwi renyu rakanga riri kwese kwese!
Kune mimwe mitambo yepinibhora nemimwe mitambo yemavhidhiyo semimwe mitambo yaMark Turmell naTobias kwandaiita basa rekuteerera. Pakanga pasina chinhu chakadai sekubhadhara nyanzvi yezwi tarenda kare ikako. Sezvo ndakanga ndazviitira zvinhu zvishomanana, zvimwe zvikwata zvepinibhori zvaiti, “Hei, Ed, unogona here kuuya kustudio nekukurumidza kuti uite uyu mushamarari kana kuti hunhu.” Ndaigara ndichiti, “Chokwadi, ndine maawa mashoma ekuuraya.” Izwi rangu riri muboka rose remitambo. Zvinoshamisa.

mk11-5738556

Iwe unofarira maitiro echikwata chidiki, asi ikozvino uri kushanda nemazana evanhu. Nzira yekugadzira yakashanduka sei kwauri?
Ndiri kuita hurukuro nenyanzvi muminda yavo uye ndichiedza kuisa pamwechete mufananidzo wakakura. Zvinonakidza [semazuva ekare] kana wapedza nemutambo. Ini ndichapinda muhofisi yemumwe munhu ari kushanda pane chimwe chinhu chinotonhorera uye ndichave nenguva iyoyo kwandinoenda, "Ndizvozvo, zvaive zvakanaka pandaikwanisa kupedza zuva rangu rose ndichiita kuti kufamba uku kunzwe kwakakwana." Pane chinhu chinonakidza kune izvozvo. Ndinoita nostalgic zvishoma. Kana mutambo wapera, uye munhu wese ari kuva nenguva yakanaka nawo, ndipo pandinowana nguva yekutenda nguva yese yatinoisa mauri. Inguva yekugutsikana yaunowana kubva kwairi, kunyanya kana mutambo wagamuchirwa zvakanaka. Kune moto wakawanda uye kuruka ndiro pamapurojekiti makuru aya zvekuti dzimwe nguva zvinorema, uye unofanirwa kuvimba nenyanzvi kuti ivo vachaita zvinhu zvavo.

Ndeipi zuva rako rakajairika ikozvino semusoro weNeatherRealm? Iwe uchiri mabvi-akadzika mukugadzira nzira?
Ini ndinobatikana zvakanyanya muchikamu chekutanga chebudiriro, patinenge tichifunga zvatichaita. Pamutambo wega wega, ndinopinda mauri ndichifunga kuti: “Chii chichava chitsva pauri chichafadza vanhu?” Kuzvitsanangura, kubatsira negwara. Pane imwe nguva, tinoziva kuti mutambo chii. Isu tinoziva ichave iine makumi maviri nharaunda uye makumi matatu mavara. Zvose zvezvikamu zvikuru zvinozivikanwa. Uye zvino imhando yekuderedza nguva. Panguva iyoyo, ndiri kunyanya kutarisa pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvemutambo uye kuita mazano nezvimwe zvinhu. Ndinogona kunge ndichishandawo nemazano emutambo unotevera. Ndiri kuedza kuramba ndiri pamberi pazvo, asi kuwanda kwebasa kunoitwa nevanopenga vane tarenda vagadziri, vanogadzira mapurogiramu, maartist, uye rondedzero inoenderera ichienderera.

Uchitarisa kumashure pabasa rako, pane mutambo mumwe chete waungati ndiwo waunofarira wawakashanda pauri?
Takaita mutambo weArcade unonzi The Grid. Waive, senge, vatambi vatanhatu, vatanhatu-kabhati mutambo uko munhu wese ari kukwikwidza munhandare, yakafanana neDoom uye Quake. Nedzimwe nzira, zvainyanya kundinakidza kushanda pamutambo. Mushure mehuwandu hwemitambo yeMortal Kombat, yaive shanduko inoshamisa maererano nerudzi rwemutambo wauri. Zvakandibvumira kuongorora zvikamu zvitsva zvemitambo.

Pamitambo yeMortal Kombat, ingangove Mortal Kombat 2, nekuti isu taiziva kuti isu tine chimwe chinhu. Paive nekuvimba kwakawanda, sekunge, "Ehe, izvi zvichave nani pane yekupedzisira." Mushure maizvozvi, bhaisikopo rakabuda, kwaive nemitambo yeTV uye zvese izvo, uye pakanga paine muchina uyu weMortal Kombat zvinhu zvaiitika. Kuedza kwedu kwakawanda kwaive patreadmill iyi kuti mutambo unotevera ubude.

Kusaruramisira kwaiva kumwewo kukuru. Ndakaverenga DC Comics hupenyu hwangu hwese, uye kuveza yedu yega chidimbu chakasiyana-siyana neakaipa Superman naBatman, uye ndozoona rave bhuku remakomiki, nharembozha, uye bhaisikopo remufirimu raitonhorera. Uku kwaiva kumhanya chaiko.

grid1-2696510

Yakawanda sei kubatanidzwa kwauinayo mune yemultimedia zvirimo senge comic book series?
Kumatanho akasiyana. Iyo yekutanga Mortal Kombat animated series yakabuda gore kana maviri apfuura, [iyo animation studio] yaishamisa. Vakatitumira script, vakatora mhinduro, uye vakatiratidza mifananidzo. Ndakamboda kutaura apa ndaifunga kuti Goro musoro waive mudiki, vakabva vadzokera vakaita kuti kurei. Ndakafunga kuti purojekiti iyi yakazoita yakanaka. Asi pane zvakati wandei kubatanidzwa kwedu. Ini zvirokwazvo handikwanise kuve neminwe yangu muchinhu chimwe nechimwe chinoburitswa chine zita rekuti "Mortal Kombat" kana "Kusaruramisira" pairi.

Iwe une cameo muMotal Kombat bhaisikopo richangobuda?
Aiwa, asi ndinovimba kuti mumwe munhu anoverenga chinyorwa chenyu achati, “Iyi ipfungwa yakanaka kwazvo!”

Ndichakuudza izvi, mukuru wekusika Donald Mustard paEpic Games ari muboka remafirimu. Handizivi kuti ari kuzviita sei, asi ari mune Avengers bhaisikopo, Matrix Kumuka, Uye kunyange Nyota Wars: The Rise of Skywalker sechamupupuri. Kune kunyange chiitiko cheFortnite chiri kuridzwa mune Avengers film. Iwe unofanirwa kutaura naye kuti uone nzira iyo mumafirimu.
Wow! Ndinofanira kufunga kuti ndoita sei!

Ndinoda kudzokera kuMortal Kombat zvakare. Wakanzwa manyawi uchibva kuMortal Kombat, uye ndinoda kunzwa kwawanga uri uye zvawakaita pawakaburitsa Mortal Kombat 2. Vanhu vanofanira kunge vanga vachizvifarira.
Ndine nyaya inonakidza pamusoro pazvo. Isu taiyedza Mortal Kombat 2 pane arcade muChicago yaive ingangoita maminetsi makumi maviri kubva kubasa. Isu takanga tine kabati imomo, uye yaive neMortal Kombat 20 pane marquee, asi pakanga pasina CPU mairi. Waigona kuibatidza uye mwenje wobva wabatidza, asi hapana chimwe chaizoitika. Patakasvika ikoko kuti tiise muCPU, chaive Chishanu manheru uye munhu wese aive akafunga nezvazvo. Pakarepo pakava nemhomho yevanhu vakaipoteredza.

Ndanga ndichiona mumwe munhu achitamba mutambo wemutambi mumwe chete. Kung Lao ane mafambiro kwaanofonera uye anouya kune rimwe divi. Pese apo CPU yaizviita, mutambo wacho waizoparara. Nguva dzese. Uyu iChishanu manheru uye 7pm Munhu wese anoda kuiridza. Ini ndinoenda, "Ah mwari wangu, munhu anogona teleport uye haaputsike, asi kana AI ikazviita, ichaita nguva dzese." Ndiri kudikitira mabara ndichifunga, "Ndinofanira kudzokera kubasa, nditsvage bug, ndigadzirise, ndipise seti nyowani yeROM, kutyaira ndichidzokera kuArcade, ndoiisa mukati." Pachave pakati pehusiku panguva yandichadzoka. Nechaunga chaivepo ndakafunga kuti ndichambomira zvishoma kusvika zvagadzikana sezvo vanhu vese vanenge vachitamba vachipesana uye mutambo wacho haungaparare. Zvakadaro kusvika 2 am pavakazovhara arcade. Yakanga isina kana mutambo mumwe chete wakatambwa nemunhu mumwechete pacomputer. Kwaigara vatambi vaviri. Ndakangoramba ndakamirira, asi ndaisafanira kuzvigadzirisa. Ndakadzokera mushure mekunge ndasiya arcade ndokugadzirisa.

Saka, yakanga yakakura kudaro. Yakanga iri arcade yemuno muChicago uye pakanga paine murwi wevanhu pamushini. Isu taiziva kuti mutambo uyu waitaridzika zvirinani, waitamba zvirinani, uye waive nevatambi vakawanda uye nekuvanzika kwakawanda - waitarisa mabhokisi ese. Pakanga pane mufaro pazviri, uye zvakadaro ndakanga ndichingodikitira mabara pamusoro pechipembenene ichocho.

Ndinoziva kuti uchiri kuda kugadzira mitambo yemavhidhiyo uye pamwe uchaita kwemakore akawanda ari kuuya. Ramangwana rako rakamira sei? Unoda kunge uchiitei?
[kumbomira kwenguva refu] Paunenge uchigadzira chinhu chakakura semitambo iyi, zuva rega rega rine gumi matambudziko. "Iwe haugone kuita izvi, timu ye tech ine chekuita neizvi, vagadziri vanoda kuita izvi, odhiyo iri kuwedzera chinhu chitsva ichi" - igore rinogara riri rekugadzirisa matambudziko rinofanirwa kuitwa. Paunenge uri pakati payo, zvinogona kushungurudza uye kuteresa kwauri, asi kana wapedza, uye chigadzirwa chacho chinogamuchirwa zvakanaka, unowanzokanganwa mazuva iwayo - zvinhu zvakaoma. Izvi zvinokupa simba kumutambo unotevera. Paunenge uri pakati pazvo, zvinogona kunge zvakaoma. Pamwero mukuru, imba ino yemukurumbira yakaita kuti nditarise kumashure pazvinhu zvine magirazi eruvara rwerose. Mumakore ose aya, pakanga paine kudzvinyirirwa kwakawanda uye kushushikana uye simba rakawanda raiiswa mumitambo iyi. Zvekare, kugamuchira mubairo wakadai kunoita kuti zvikoshese, chokwadi.

Chii chinotevera NetherRealm?
Ndinogona kutaura kuti kwemakore gumi, takanga tichibudisa Mortal Kombat uye Kusaruramisira, Mortal Kombat uye Kusaruramisira. Patakatyora patani iyi, pakanga paine fungidziro dzakawanda dzezvataizove tichiita. Ndinogona kukuudza kuti paive nechikonzero chazvo, uye kana tazivisa mutambo wedu unotevera, zvinoita kuti tiwedzere kunzwisisa. Panguva ino, ndichapinda mudambudziko rakawanda kana ndikataura chimwe chinhu zvakare.

Article Yepakutanga

Paridza rudo
kuratidza More

Related Articles

Leave a Reply

Your kero e haangazozikamwi ichibudiswa. Raida minda anozivikanwa *

Kudzoka kumusoro